Von Hippel–Lindau Disease (VHL): Characteristic Lesions with Classic Imaging Findings

Abstract

Von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL) is a multisystem cancer syndrome caused by the inactivation of the VHL tumor suppressor gene and involves various organ systems including the central nervous system (CNS), endocrine system, and the kidneys. Tumors seen in patients with VHL disease can be benign or malignant and are usually multifocal, bilateral, and hypervascular in nature. As most lesions associated with VHL are asymptomatic initially, early diagnosis and the institution of an evidence-based surveillance protocol are of paramount importance. Screening, surveillance, and genetic counseling are key aspects in the management of patients diagnosed with VHL disease and often require a multidisciplinary approach and referral to specialized centers. This article will discuss the characteristic lesions seen with VHL disease, their diagnosis, screening protocols and management strategies, as well as an illustrative case to demonstrate the natural progression of the disease with classic imaging findings.