Distinct Gag interaction properties of HIV-1 RNA 5′ leader conformers reveal a mechanism for dimeric genome selection

Abstract

During HIV-1 assembly, two copies of viral genomic RNAs (gRNAs) are selectively packaged into new viral particles. This process is mediated by specific interactions between HIV-1 Gag and the packaging signals at the 5′ leader (5′L) of viral gRNA. 5′L is able to adopt different conformations, which promotes either gRNA dimerization and packaging or Gag translation. Dimerization and packaging are coupled. Whether the selective packaging of the gRNA dimer is due to favorable interactions between Gag and 5′L in the packaging conformation is not known. Here, using RNAs mimicking the two 5′L conformers, we show that the 5′L conformation dramatically affects Gag–RNA interactions. Compared to the RNA in the translation conformation (5′LT), the RNA in the packaging conformation (5′LP) can bind more Gag molecules. Gag associates with 5′LPfaster than it binds to 5′LT, whereas Gag dissociates from 5′LPmore slowly. The Gag–5′LPcomplex is more stable at high salt concentrations. The NC–SP2–p6 region of Gag likely accounts for the faster association and slower dissociation kinetics for the Gag–5′LPinteraction and for the higher stability. In summary, our data suggest that conformational changes play an important role in the selection of dimeric genomes, probably by affecting the binding kinetics and stability of the Gag–5′L complex.