Abstract
Objectives
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health concern, and accumulating evidence has indicated that air pollution increases the odds of CKD. However, a limited number of studies have examined the long-term effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) components on the risk of CKD among general population; thus, major knowledge gaps remain.
Methods
Using data from a nationwide representative cross-sectional survey in China and a validated PM2.5 composition dataset, we established generalized linear models to quantify the association between five major components of PM2.5 and CKD prevalence.
Results
There were significant associations between long-term exposure to three PM2.5 components [including black carbon (BC), sulfate (SO42−), organic matter (OM)] and increased odds of CKD prevalence. Along with an interquartile range (IQR) increment in BC (3.3 μg/m3), SO42− (9.7 μg/m3), and OM (16.2 μg/m3) at a 4-year moving average, the odds ratios (ORs) for CKD prevalence were 1.28 (95% CI 1.07, 1.54), 1.23 (95% CI 1.03, 1.45), and 1.23 (95% CI 1.02, 1.47), respectively. We did not detect any significant association of the other two PM2.5 components [nitrate (NO3−) or ammonium (NH4+)] with CKD prevalence. Stratified analyses revealed no differences (P ≥ 0.05) in the effect estimates of subgroups based on administrative region, sex, age, and other demographic characteristics. For instance, along with an IQR increment in BC at a 4-year moving average, the ORs of CKD prevalence among males and females were 1.30 (95% CI 0.98, 1.73) and 1.29 (95% CI 1.01, 1.65), respectively. The odds of CKD were generally higher with increasing PM2.5 composition concentration.
Conclusions
Our study demonstrated that long-term exposure to specific PM2.5 components including BC, SO42−, and OM increased CKD risk in the general population. This study could provide new insights into source-directed PM2.5 control and CKD prevention.
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Data availability
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
This study was supported by grants from Peking University Medicine Sailing Program for Young Scholars’ Scientific & Technological Innovation (BMU2023YFJHMX014), National Natural Science Foundation of China (82003529, 72125009), National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding ("Star of Outlook" Scientific Research Project of Peking University First Hospital, 2022XW06), Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (2022QNRC001), National Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2019YFC2005000), CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2019-I2M-5–046), and PKU-Baidu Fund (2020BD032). The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
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CY contributed to the conceptualization, formal analysis, funding acquisition, project administration, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. WW was involved in the conceptualization, formal analysis, visualization, software, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. FW assisted in the validation, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. YW contributed to the visualization, software, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. FZ was involved in the methodology and writing—review and editing. ZL assisted in the data curation, methodology, and writing—review and editing. CL contributed to the validation and writing—review and editing. JW was involved in the resources and writing—review and editing. LM contributed to the resources and writing—review and editing. PL was involved in the resources and writing—review and editing. SL assisted in the conceptualization, data curation, resources, supervision, and writing—review and editing. LZ contributed to the conceptualization, data curation, funding acquisition, supervision, investigation, resources, and writing—review and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Yang, C., Wang, W., Wang, F. et al. Ambient PM2.5 components and prevalence of chronic kidney disease: a nationwide cross-sectional survey in China. Environ Geochem Health 46, 70 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-01867-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-01867-x