1. See, for example, Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller and Donald E. Stokes,The American Voter (New York: Wiley, 1960), pp. 128–136; Philip E. Converse and George Dupeux, “De Gaulle and Eisenhower: The Public Image of Victorious Generals”, in Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes,Elections and the Political Order (New York: Wiley, 1966), pp. 292–349; Herbert F. Weisberg and Jerrold G. Rusk, “Dimensions of Candidate Evaluation”,American Political Science Review LXIV (1970), pp. 1167–85; and Benjamin I. Page, “Party Loyalty and the Popularity of Presidential Candidates” (unpublished manuscript, Feb. 1972).
2. This question is explored in Campbell et al.,The American Voter, pp. 64–115; Donald E. Stokes, “Some Dynamic Elements in Contests for the Presidency”,American Political Science Review LX (1966), pp. 19–28; and William Riker and Peter Ordeshook, “A Theory of the Calculus of Voting”,American Political Science Review LXII (1968), pp. 25–42.
3. Stanley Kelley, Jr., Richard E. Ayres, and William G. Bowen, “Registration and Voting: Putting First Things First”,American Political Science Review LXI (1967), pp. 359–79.
4. Sidney Verba and Norman Nie,Participation in America (New York: Harper, 1972); Robert Lane,Political Life (Glencoe: Free Press, 1959); Lester Milbrath,Political Participation (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1961).
5. Anthony Downs,An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1957), p. 39, 260–76; see also, Gerald Garvey, “The Theory of Party Equilibrium,”American Political Science Reviéw LX (1966); Otto Davis, Melvin Hinich, and Peter Ordeshook, “An Expository Development of a Mathematical Model of the Electoral Process”,The American Political Science Review LXIV (1970), pp. 426–48; Peter C. Ordeshook, “Extensions to a Model of the Electoral Process and Implications for the Theory of Responsible Parties”,Midwest Journal of Political Science 14 (Feb. 1970), pp. 43–70.