Endocrine-disrupting pesticide exposure relevant to reproductive health: a case study from Costa Rica

Abstract

Abstract Global pesticide use has increased significantly over the past decade, leading to greater exposure to contaminants and associated health risks. Endocrine-disrupting pesticides have gained attention due to their strong association with human reproductive impairments and rising global infertility rates. In Costa Rica, studies have reported reduced fertility among agricultural workers and a higher prevalence of male infertility in regions with intensive pesticide use. However, the prioritization of pesticides detected in human fluids, based on their potential impact on reproductive health, has not been conducted. Here, analyzing human biomonitoring studies in the country over the last 25 years, 13 pesticides were identified and prioritized. Mancozeb ranked highest (14.8%), followed by dieldrin (12.1%) and chlorothalonil (12.0%). Eight criteria were used for prioritization, with non-carcinogenic risk, reported reproductive effects, and endocrine disruptor classification as key factors. This comprehensive approach highlights how multiple criteria collectively inform pesticide prioritization in relation to reproductive health risks. The findings indicated that while Costa Rica is a regional leader in pesticide biomonitoring, significant gaps remain, including limited data on unstudied pesticides and general population exposures. Establishing robust biomonitoring programs and public health surveillance systems to generate updated data and support evidence-based prevention policies is recommended. Additionally, the results of this study provide a valuable framework for guiding future research on the potential effects of pesticide mixtures.