Sex-specific structural and functional cardiac remodeling during healthy aging assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Abstract

Abstract Background Aging as a major non-modifiable cardiac risk factor challenges future cardiovascular medicine and economic demands, which requires further assessments addressing physiological age-associated cardiac changes. Objectives Using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), this study aims to characterize sex-specific ventricular adaptations during healthy aging. Methods The population included healthy volunteers who underwent CMR at 1.5 or 3 Tesla scanners applying cine-imaging with a short-axis coverage of the left (LV) and right (RV) ventricle. The cohort was divided by sex (female and male) and age (subgroups in years): 1 (19–29), 2 (30–39), 3 (40–49), and 4 (≥50). Cardiac adaptations were quantitatively assessed by CMR indices. Results After the exclusion of missing or poor-quality CMR datasets or diagnosed disease, 140 of 203 volunteers were part of the final analysis. Women generally had smaller ventricular dimensions and LV mass, but higher biventricular systolic function. There was a significant age-associated decrease in ventricular dimensions as well as a significant increase in LV mass-to-volume ratio (LV-MVR, concentricity) in both sexes (LV-MVR in g/ml: age group 1 vs. 4: females 0.50 vs. 0.57, p=0.016, males 0.56 vs. 0.67, p=0.024). LV stroke volume index decreased significantly with age in both sexes, but stronger for men than for women (in ml/m2: age group 1 vs. 4: females 51.76 vs. 41.94, p<0.001, males 55.31 vs. 40.78, p<0.001). Ventricular proportions (RV-to-LV-volume ratio) were constant between the age groups in both sexes. Conclusions In both sexes, healthy aging was associated with an increase in concentricity and a decline in ventricular dimensions. Furthermore, relevant age-related sex differences in systolic LV performance were observed. Graphical Abstract ↓, decrease; ↑, increase; ±, maintaining. Abbreviations: CMR, cardiovascular magnetic resonance; EDV, end-diastolic volume; EF, ejection fraction; LV, left ventricle; MVR, mass-to-volume ratio; RV, right ventricle; SVI, stroke volume index; T, Tesla; VR, volume ratio.