Prospective T1 mapping to assess gadolinium retention in brain after intrathecal gadobutrol

Abstract

Abstract Purpose A possible pathway behind gadolinium retention in brain is leakage of contrast agents from blood to cerebrospinal fluid and entry into brain along perivascular (glymphatic) pathways. The object of this study was to assess for signs of gadolinium retention in brain 4 weeks after intrathecal contrast enhanced MRI. Methods We prospectively applied standardized T1 mapping of the brain before and 4 weeks after intrathecal administration of 0.5 mmol gadobutrol in patients under work-up of cerebrospinal fluid circulation disorders. Due to methodological limitations, a safety margin for percentage change in T1 time was set to 3%. Region-wise differences were assessed by pairwise comparison using t-tests and forest plots, and statistical significance was accepted at .05 level (two-tailed). Results In a cohort of 76 participants (mean age 47.2 years ± 17.9 [standard deviation], 47 women), T1 relaxation times remained unchanged in cerebral cortex and basal ganglia 4 weeks after intrathecal gadobutrol. T1 was reduced from 1082 ± 46.7 ms to 1070.6 ± 36.5 ms (0.98 ±2.9%) (mean [standard deviation]) (p=0.001) in white matter, thus within the pre-defined 3% safety margin. The brain stem and cerebellum could not be assessed due to poor alignment of posterior fossa structures at scans from different time points. Conclusion Gadolinium retention was not detected in the cerebral hemispheres 4 weeks after an intrathecal dose of 0.5 mmol gadobutrol, implying that presence of contrast agents in cerebrospinal fluid is of minor importance for gadolinium retention in brain.