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Update on olfactory neuroblastoma

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Abstract

Olfactory neuroblastomas are uncommon malignancies that arise from olfactory receptor cells located high in the nasal cavity. Accurate diagnosis plays a crucial role in determining clinical results and guiding treatment decisions. Diagnosis can be a major challenge for pathologists, especially when dealing with tumours with poor differentiation. The discovery of several molecular and immunohistochemical markers would help to overcome classification difficulties. Due to the paucity of large-scale studies, standardisation of diagnosis, treatment and prediction of outcome remains a challenge. Surgical resection by endoscopic techniques with the addition of postoperative irradiation is the treatment of choice. In addition, it is advisable to consider elective neck irradiation to minimise the risk of nodal recurrence. Molecular characterisation will help not only to make more accurate diagnoses but also to identify specific molecular targets that can be used to develop personalised treatment options tailored to each patient. The present review aims to summarise the current state of knowledge on histopathological diagnosis, the molecular biology and management of this disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, University of Oviedo, ISPA, IUOPA, CIBERONC, Avenida de Roma, S/N, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain

    Fernando Lopez

  2. Institut Für Pathologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Abbas Agaimy

  3. Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy

    Alessandro Franchi

  4. University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain

    Carlos Suárez

  5. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oncology, Section of Head and Neck Oncology, KU Leuven, and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Vincent Vander Poorten

  6. Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Research Program in Systems Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Antti A. Mäkitie

  7. Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

    Akihiro Homma

  8. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Avraham Eisbruch

  9. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Kerry D. Olsen

  10. Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Nabil F. Saba

  11. Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    Sandra Nuyts

  12. Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Carl Snyderman

  13. Radiation Oncology, Knox County Health Clinic, Rockland, ME, USA

    Jonathan J. Beitler

  14. Division of Radiation Oncology, GenesisCare Radiation Oncology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia

    June Corry

  15. Department of Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Ehab Hanna

  16. Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

    Henrik Hellquist

  17. Department of Cellular Pathology, Northern Lincolnshire and Goole NHS Foundation Trust, Lincoln, LN2 5QY, UK

    Henrik Hellquist

  18. ENT Unit, Policlinico Città di Udine, Udine, Italy

    Alessandra Rinaldo

  19. Coordinator of International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy

    Alfio Ferlito

Authors
  1. Fernando Lopez
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  2. Abbas Agaimy
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  3. Alessandro Franchi
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  4. Carlos Suárez
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  5. Vincent Vander Poorten
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  9. Kerry D. Olsen
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  10. Nabil F. Saba
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  13. Jonathan J. Beitler
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  14. June Corry
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  15. Ehab Hanna
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  16. Henrik Hellquist
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  17. Alessandra Rinaldo
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  18. Alfio Ferlito
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Contributions

Fernando López, Abbas Agaimy and Alessandro Franchi contributed to the writing of manuscript; Fernando López and Alfio Ferlito contributed to conceptualisation; Abbas Agaimy and Alessandro Franchi contributed to the production of the figures; Carlos Suárez, Vincent Vander Poorten, Antti A. Mäkitie, Akihiro Homma, Avraham Eisbruch, Kerry D. Olsen, Nabil F Saba, Sandra Nuyts, Carl Snyderman, Jonathan J. Beitler, June Corry, Ehab Hanna, Henrik Hellquist, Alessandra Rinaldo and Alfio Ferlito critically revised the work and Abbas Agaimy and Alfio Ferlito approved the final version to be published.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fernando Lopez.

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Lopez, F., Agaimy, A., Franchi, A. et al. Update on olfactory neuroblastoma. Virchows Arch 484, 567–585 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-024-03758-z

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