Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Prescribing of Pain Medication in US Primary Care Settings, 1999–2019: Where Are We Now?

Abstract

Abstract Background Policy initiatives have attempted to reduce healthcare inequalities in the USA, but evidence on whether these initiatives have reduced racial and ethnic disparities in pain treatment in primary care is lacking. Objective To determine whether racial and ethnic disparities in medication prescribed for pain in primary care settings have diminished over a 21-year period from 1999 to 2019. Design An annual, representative cross-sectional probability sample of visits to US primary care physicians, taken from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Patients Pain-related visits to primary care physicians. Main Measures Prescriptions for opioid and non-opioid analgesics. Key Results Of 599,293 (16%) sampled visits, 94,422 were pain-related, representing a population-weighted estimate of 143 million visits made annually to primary care physicians for pain. Relative risk analysis controlling for insurance, pain type, and other potential confounds showed no difference in pain medication prescribed between Black and White patients (p = .121). However, White patients were 1.61 (95% CI 1.32–1.97) and Black patients 1.57 (95% CI 1.26–1.95) times more likely to be prescribed opioids than a more underrepresented group consisting of Asian, Native-Hawaiian/Pacific-Islander, and American-Indian/Alaska-Natives (ps < .001). Non-Hispanic/Latino patients were 1.32 (95% CI 1.18–1.45) times more likely to receive opioids for pain than Hispanic/Latino patients (p < .001). Penalized cubic spline regression found no substantive narrowing of disparities over time. Conclusions These findings suggest that additional intervention strategies, or better implementation of existing strategies, are needed to eliminate ethnic and racial disparities in pain treatment towards the goal of equitable healthcare.