Evaluation of hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation in pigs using handless Doppler carotid artery ultrasound

Abstract

Abstract Objective This study aimed to utilize a hemorrhagic shock pig model to compare two hemodynamic monitoring methods, pulse index continuous cardiac output (PiCCO) and spectral carotid artery Doppler ultrasound (CDU). Additionally, we sought to explore the feasibility of employing CDU as a non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring tool in the context of hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation. Design Animal experiments. Setting and subjects Female pigs were selected, and hemorrhagic shock was induced by rapid bleeding through an arterial sheath. Interventions Hemodynamic monitoring was conducted using both PiCCO and CDU during episodes of hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation. Measurements and main results Among the 10 female pigs studied, CDU measurements revealed a significant decrease in carotid velocity time integral (cVTI) compared to baseline values under shock conditions. During the resuscitation phase, after the mean arterial pressure (MAP) returned to its baseline level, there was no significant difference between cVTI and baseline values. A similar trend was observed for carotid peak velocity (cPV). The corrected flow time (FTc) exhibited a significant difference only at the time of shock compared to baseline values. In comparison to PiCCO, there was a significant correlation between cVTI and MAP (r = 0.616, P < 0.001), stroke volume (SV) (r = 0.821, P < 0.001), and cardiac index (CI) (r = 0.698, P < 0.001). The carotid Doppler shock index (cDSI) displayed negative correlations with MAP (r =  − 0.593, P < 0.001), SV (r =  − 0.761, P < 0.001), and CI (r =  − 0.548, P < 0.001), while showing a positive correlation with the shock index (SI) (r = 0.647, P < 0.001). Conclusions Compared to PiCCO, CDU monitoring can reliably reflect the volume status of hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation. CDU offers the advantages of being non-invasive, providing real-time data, and being operationally straightforward. These characteristics make it a valuable tool for assessing and managing hemorrhagic shock, especially in resource-limited settings.