Author:
Cheng Lijing,Abraham John,Trenberth Kevin E.,Boyer Tim,Mann Michael E.,Zhu Jiang,Wang Fan,Yu Fujiang,Locarnini Ricardo,Fasullo John,Zheng Fei,Li Yuanlong,Zhang Bin,Wan Liying,Chen Xingrong,Wang Dakui,Feng Licheng,Song Xiangzhou,Liu Yulong,Reseghetti Franco,Simoncelli Simona,Gouretski Viktor,Chen Gengxin,Mishonov Alexey,Reagan Jim,Von Schuckmann Karina,Pan Yuying,Tan Zhetao,Zhu Yujing,Wei Wangxu,Li Guancheng,Ren Qiuping,Cao Lijuan,Lu Yayang
Abstract
AbstractThe global physical and biogeochemical environment has been substantially altered in response to increased atmospheric greenhouse gases from human activities. In 2023, the sea surface temperature (SST) and upper 2000 m ocean heat content (OHC) reached record highs. The 0–2000 m OHC in 2023 exceeded that of 2022 by 15 ± 10 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules) (updated IAP/CAS data); 9 ± 5 ZJ (NCEI/NOAA data). The Tropical Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and southern oceans recorded their highest OHC observed since the 1950s. Associated with the onset of a strong El Niño, the global SST reached its record high in 2023 with an annual mean of ∼0.23°C higher than 2022 and an astounding > 0.3°C above 2022 values for the second half of 2023. The density stratification and spatial temperature inhomogeneity indexes reached their highest values in 2023.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Cited by
1 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献