1. Somatic and segmental dysfunction is the necessary and sufficient diagnosis [ICD 10 code M99.xx] which allows for the provision of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment [CPT codes 98921-29]. Somatic dysfunction is defined as the impaired or altered function of related components of the somatic (bodywork) system, including: the skeletal, arthrodial, and myofascial structures, and their related vascular, lymphatic, and neural elements.
2. DeStefano LA. Principles of manual medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2017. p. 2–11.
3. Fraix MP, Wieting M, Lipton JA. Osteopathic considerations in physical medicine and rehabilitation. In: Seffinger MA, editor. Foundations of osteopathic medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2018.
4. Jones JM III, Peterson BP. History of osteopathic profession. In: Seffinger MA, editor. Foundations of osteopathic medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2018. p. 19–43.
5. Seffinger MA, Hollins HK, Ward RC, Jones JM III, Rogers FJ, Patterson MM. Osteopathic philosophy. In: Ward RC, editor. Foundations of osteopathic medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003. p. 3–18.