1. Calculated in a scenario-based simulation sizing three effects: increase of life expectancy (“extending”), decrease of lifetime spent in poor health, and decrease of lifetime in moderate rather than good health (“lifting” and “squaring the curve”). Data sources comprise WHO HALE data, health system data, life-expectancy data for more than 20,000 administrative regions globally, and the McKinsey Global Institute’s report Prioritizing Health: A prescription for prosperity, July 8, 2020. The McKinsey Health Institute’s aspiration to add six years of higher-quality life on average is going significantly beyond delaying the average onset of disease from, for example, 55 to 65 years mentioned in the latter report.
2. Spiritual health includes meaning, belonging, purpose, and identity. It does not necessarily require or include religious belief.
3. Prioritizing health: A prescription for prosperity. McKinsey Global Institute. 2020, July 8.
4. World happiness report 2021, Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2021; social health is the ability of individuals to form healthy and rewarding interpersonal relationships with others.
5. Global spending on health: Weathering the storm. World Health Organization. 2020, December.